Chicago Style Citation Examples

📘 Book Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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1. Alice Walker, The Color Purple (New York: Mariner Books, 2003), 45.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. New York: Mariner Books, 2003.

💬 Citation Notes

• Use full author name in both footnote and bibliography.
• Footnotes include a page number; bibliography entries do not.
• Italicise book titles and separate publication details with commas (footnotes) or periods (bibliography).

📱 Ebook Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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2. Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008), Kindle.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Gladwell, Malcolm. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little, Brown, 2008. Kindle edition.

💬 Citation Notes

• Use "Kindle edition" or similar to describe the format in the bibliography.
• If citing a PDF or EPUB version, you may include the URL or DOI instead of the format label.
• For page-less ebooks, cite chapter or location in the footnote if needed.

📄 Journal Article Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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3. Aimee Lee and Rachel Thompson, “Digital Empathy in Online Classrooms,” Journal of Educational Technology 34, no. 2 (2023): 110–124, https://doi.org/10.1234/jet.342.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Lee, Aimee, and Rachel Thompson. “Digital Empathy in Online Classrooms.” Journal of Educational Technology 34, no. 2 (2023): 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1234/jet.342.

💬 Citation Notes

• Enclose article titles in double quotation marks.
• Italicise the journal name; follow with volume, issue, year in parentheses, and page range.
• Include a DOI or stable URL when available, especially for online journals.

🌐 Website Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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4. BBC News, “Ocean Temperatures Are at an All-Time High,” last modified May 12, 2024, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-123456.

📚 Bibliography Entry

BBC News. “Ocean Temperatures Are at an All-Time High.” Last modified May 12, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-123456.

💬 Citation Notes

• Use the organisation as author if no individual is named.
• Include “last modified” or “published” date if listed.
• No access date is needed unless the content is undated.

📰 Newspaper Article Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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5. Rachel Johnson, “Universities Expand Digital Access,” The Guardian, April 18, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/education/digital-access.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Johnson, Rachel. “Universities Expand Digital Access.” The Guardian, April 18, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/education/digital-access.

💬 Citation Notes

• Include the full date of publication (Month Day, Year).
• Italicise the newspaper name.
• No page numbers are required for online articles; include the URL.

🎥 YouTube Video Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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6. Khan Academy, “Introduction to Algebra,” YouTube, March 4, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyz123.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Khan Academy. “Introduction to Algebra.” YouTube. March 4, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyz123.

💬 Citation Notes

• The creator/uploader appears first. If a real name is known, include it before the screen name.
• Use the full upload date as listed on YouTube.
• Always include the platform name (YouTube) and the full URL.

🎧 Podcast Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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7. Adam Grant, “The Psychology of Motivation,” The Mindset Lab, February 14, 2023, https://mindsetlab.com/episodes/23.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Grant, Adam. “The Psychology of Motivation.” The Mindset Lab. February 14, 2023. https://mindsetlab.com/episodes/23.

💬 Citation Notes

• Use the episode title in quotation marks and italicise the podcast name.
• If the host is credited, list them as the author.
• Include the full URL for online access.

🐦 Social Media Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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8. NASA (@NASA), “We're returning to the Moon! Artemis II will take humans deeper into space than ever before,” X (formerly Twitter), March 14, 2024, https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1234567890.

📚 Bibliography Entry

NASA (@NASA). “We're returning to the Moon! Artemis II will take humans deeper into space than ever before.” X (formerly Twitter). March 14, 2024. https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1234567890.

💬 Citation Notes

• Use the first 160 characters or a descriptive quote of the post.
• Include platform name and clarify changes (e.g. "X (formerly Twitter)").
• URLs should be stable and link directly to the post.

🎓 Thesis / Dissertation Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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9. Minh T. Nguyen, “Digital Pedagogy in Higher Education” (PhD diss., University of Leeds, 2021), https://www.proquest.com/dissertations/digitalpedagogy.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Nguyen, Minh T. “Digital Pedagogy in Higher Education.” PhD diss., University of Leeds, 2021. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations/digitalpedagogy.

💬 Citation Notes

• Use "PhD diss." or "master's thesis" as appropriate.
• Include the institution name and year of completion.
• Always cite a URL or database if accessed online.

📚 Chapter in Edited Book Citation Example (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

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10. Hannah Williams, “Artificial Intelligence and Society,” in Encyclopedia of Modern Technology, ed. Peter Brown, 3rd ed. (New York: TechBooks, 2021), 45–49.

📚 Bibliography Entry

Williams, Hannah. “Artificial Intelligence and Society.” In Encyclopedia of Modern Technology, edited by Peter Brown, 3rd ed., 45–49. New York: TechBooks, 2021.

💬 Citation Notes

• List the chapter author first, then the book title and editor(s).
• Include edition and page numbers in both footnote and bibliography.
• Use sentence case for the chapter title, and italicise the book title.

👥 Multiple Authors & Special Cases (Chicago Notes & Bibliography)

📌 Footnote and Bibliography Examples

📌 Two Authors

11. Jane Smith and Robert Green, Designing Future Cities (London: Urban Press, 2020).

Smith, Jane, and Robert Green. Designing Future Cities. London: Urban Press, 2020.

📌 Three or More Authors

12. Emily Jones et al., Health Systems in Crisis (Boston: MedPress, 2022).

Jones, Emily, et al. Health Systems in Crisis. Boston: MedPress, 2022.

📌 Repeated Citation (Shortened Note)

13. Smith and Green, Designing Future Cities, 52.

💬 Citation Notes

• List all authors in the bibliography, using “and.”
• Use “et al.” for three or more authors in footnotes after the first full citation.
• Use shortened notes for subsequent footnote references.